1. American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2009 Jan;32 (Supplement1):S62–S67.
2. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetese-2012. Diabetes Care. 2012 Jan;35(Supplement 1):S11–S63.
3. Getahun D, Fassett MJ, Jacobsen SJ. Gestational diabetes: risk of recurrence in subsequent pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010
Nov;203(5):467.
4. Bellamy L, Casas JP, Hingorani AD, Williams D. Type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes: a systematic review and
meta-analysis. Lancet. 2009 May;373(9677):1773–9.
5. Chodick G, Elchalal U, Sella T, Heymann AD, Porath A, Koika E, et al. The risk of overt diabetes mellitus among women with gestational
diabetes: a population- based study. Diabet Med. 2010 Jul;27(7): 779–85.
6. Yogev Y, Visser GH. Obesity, gestational diabetes and pregnancy outcome. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2009
April;14(2):77–84.
7. Vidaeff AC, Yeomans ER, Ramin SM. Gestational diabetes: a field of controversy. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2003
Nov;58(11):759-69.
8. Brody SC, Harris R, Lohr K. Screening for gestational diabetes: A summary of the evidence for the U.S. preventive services
task force. Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Feb;101(2):380-92.
9. Metzger BE, Gabbe SG, Persson B, Buchana TA, Catalano, et al., International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study
Groups Consensus Panel. International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups recommendations on the
diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy. Diabetes Care. 2010 Mar;33(3):676–82.
10. HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group. Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med 2008 May:358
(19):1991–2002.
11. Peticca P, Keely EJ, Walker MC, Yang Q, Bottomley J. Pregnancy outcomes in diabetes subtypes: how do they compare? A
province-based study of Ontario, 2005-2006. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2009 Jun;31(6):487-496.
12. Tan PC, Ling LP, Omar SZ. The 50-g glucose challenge test and pregnancy outcome in a multiethnic Asian population at high
risk for gestational diabetes. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2009 Apr;105(1):50-5.
13. Vink JY, Poggi SH, Ghidini A, Spong CY. Amniotic fluid index and birth weight: is there a relationship in diabetics with poor
glycemic control?. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Sep;195(3):848-50.
14. Idris N, Wong SF, Thomae M, Gardwnwr G, McIntyre DH. Influence of polyhydramnios on perinatal outcome in pregestational
diabetic pregnancies. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2010 Sep;36(3):338-43.
15. Dutta DC. Text book of obstetrics. Chapter 19: medical and surgical illness complicating pregnancy. Sixth edition 2004; pp 284-290.
16. Mathiensen ER, Vaz JA. Insulin treatment in diabetic pregnancy. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2008 May-Jun;24 (Suppl 2):S3-20.
17. Stotland NE, Caughey AB, Breed EM, Escobar GJ. Risk factors and obstetric complications associated with macrosomia. Int J
Gynecol Obstet. 2004 Dec;87(3):220-6.
18. Langer, O. Maternal glycemic criteria for insulin therapy in gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 1998 Aug;21
(suppl 2):B91–8.
19. Sacks DA, Greenspoon JS, Abu-Fadil S, Henry HM, Wolde-Tsadik G, Yao JF. Toward universal criteria for gestational diabe
tes: The 75-hour glucose tolerance test in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995 Feb;172(2Pt 1):607–14.
20. Sermer M, Naylor CD, Gare DJ, Kenshole AB, Ritchie JW, Farine D, et al. Impact of increasing carbohydrate intolerance on
maternal-fetal outcomes in 3637 women without gestational diabetes. The Toronto Tri-Hospital Gestational Diabetes Project.
Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995 Jul;173(1):146–56.
21. Disse E, graeppi-Dulac J, Joncour-Mills G, Dupuis O,Thivolet C. Heterogeneity of pregnancy outcomes and risk of LGA
neonates in Caucasian females according to IADPSG criteria for gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab. 2013
Apr;39(2):132-8.
22. Combs CA, Gunderson E, Kitzmiller JL, Gavin LA, Main EK. Relationship of fetal macrosomia to maternal postprandial glucose
controlduring pregnancy. Diabetes Care. 1992 Oct;15(10):1251–7.
23. Metzger BE, Coustan DR. Summary and recommendations of the fourth international workshop-conference on gestational
diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 1998 Aug;21(Suppl 2):B161–7.
24. Landon MB, Spong CY, Thom E, Carpenter MW, Ramin SM, Casey B, et al. A Multicenter, Randomized Trial of Treatment for
Mild Gestational Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2009 Oct;361(14):1339–48.
25. Bonomo M, Corica D, Mion E, Gonclaves D, Motta G, Merati R, et al. Evaluating the therapeutic approach in pregnancies
complicated by borderline glucose intolerance: a randomized clinical trial. Diabet Med. 2005 Nov;22(11):1536–41.
26. Barakat R, Pelaez M, Lopez C, Lucia A, Ruiz JR. Exercise during pregnancy and gestational diabetes-related adverse
effects: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Sports Med. 2013 Jul;47(10):630–6.
2. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetese-2012. Diabetes Care. 2012 Jan;35(Supplement 1):S11–S63.
3. Getahun D, Fassett MJ, Jacobsen SJ. Gestational diabetes: risk of recurrence in subsequent pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010
Nov;203(5):467.
4. Bellamy L, Casas JP, Hingorani AD, Williams D. Type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes: a systematic review and
meta-analysis. Lancet. 2009 May;373(9677):1773–9.
5. Chodick G, Elchalal U, Sella T, Heymann AD, Porath A, Koika E, et al. The risk of overt diabetes mellitus among women with gestational
diabetes: a population- based study. Diabet Med. 2010 Jul;27(7): 779–85.
6. Yogev Y, Visser GH. Obesity, gestational diabetes and pregnancy outcome. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2009
April;14(2):77–84.
7. Vidaeff AC, Yeomans ER, Ramin SM. Gestational diabetes: a field of controversy. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2003
Nov;58(11):759-69.
8. Brody SC, Harris R, Lohr K. Screening for gestational diabetes: A summary of the evidence for the U.S. preventive services
task force. Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Feb;101(2):380-92.
9. Metzger BE, Gabbe SG, Persson B, Buchana TA, Catalano, et al., International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study
Groups Consensus Panel. International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups recommendations on the
diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy. Diabetes Care. 2010 Mar;33(3):676–82.
10. HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group. Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med 2008 May:358
(19):1991–2002.
11. Peticca P, Keely EJ, Walker MC, Yang Q, Bottomley J. Pregnancy outcomes in diabetes subtypes: how do they compare? A
province-based study of Ontario, 2005-2006. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2009 Jun;31(6):487-496.
12. Tan PC, Ling LP, Omar SZ. The 50-g glucose challenge test and pregnancy outcome in a multiethnic Asian population at high
risk for gestational diabetes. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2009 Apr;105(1):50-5.
13. Vink JY, Poggi SH, Ghidini A, Spong CY. Amniotic fluid index and birth weight: is there a relationship in diabetics with poor
glycemic control?. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Sep;195(3):848-50.
14. Idris N, Wong SF, Thomae M, Gardwnwr G, McIntyre DH. Influence of polyhydramnios on perinatal outcome in pregestational
diabetic pregnancies. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2010 Sep;36(3):338-43.
15. Dutta DC. Text book of obstetrics. Chapter 19: medical and surgical illness complicating pregnancy. Sixth edition 2004; pp 284-290.
16. Mathiensen ER, Vaz JA. Insulin treatment in diabetic pregnancy. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2008 May-Jun;24 (Suppl 2):S3-20.
17. Stotland NE, Caughey AB, Breed EM, Escobar GJ. Risk factors and obstetric complications associated with macrosomia. Int J
Gynecol Obstet. 2004 Dec;87(3):220-6.
18. Langer, O. Maternal glycemic criteria for insulin therapy in gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 1998 Aug;21
(suppl 2):B91–8.
19. Sacks DA, Greenspoon JS, Abu-Fadil S, Henry HM, Wolde-Tsadik G, Yao JF. Toward universal criteria for gestational diabe
tes: The 75-hour glucose tolerance test in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995 Feb;172(2Pt 1):607–14.
20. Sermer M, Naylor CD, Gare DJ, Kenshole AB, Ritchie JW, Farine D, et al. Impact of increasing carbohydrate intolerance on
maternal-fetal outcomes in 3637 women without gestational diabetes. The Toronto Tri-Hospital Gestational Diabetes Project.
Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995 Jul;173(1):146–56.
21. Disse E, graeppi-Dulac J, Joncour-Mills G, Dupuis O,Thivolet C. Heterogeneity of pregnancy outcomes and risk of LGA
neonates in Caucasian females according to IADPSG criteria for gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab. 2013
Apr;39(2):132-8.
22. Combs CA, Gunderson E, Kitzmiller JL, Gavin LA, Main EK. Relationship of fetal macrosomia to maternal postprandial glucose
controlduring pregnancy. Diabetes Care. 1992 Oct;15(10):1251–7.
23. Metzger BE, Coustan DR. Summary and recommendations of the fourth international workshop-conference on gestational
diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 1998 Aug;21(Suppl 2):B161–7.
24. Landon MB, Spong CY, Thom E, Carpenter MW, Ramin SM, Casey B, et al. A Multicenter, Randomized Trial of Treatment for
Mild Gestational Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2009 Oct;361(14):1339–48.
25. Bonomo M, Corica D, Mion E, Gonclaves D, Motta G, Merati R, et al. Evaluating the therapeutic approach in pregnancies
complicated by borderline glucose intolerance: a randomized clinical trial. Diabet Med. 2005 Nov;22(11):1536–41.
26. Barakat R, Pelaez M, Lopez C, Lucia A, Ruiz JR. Exercise during pregnancy and gestational diabetes-related adverse
effects: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Sports Med. 2013 Jul;47(10):630–6.
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Evaluation of Pregnancy Outcomes in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Vol 1 No 2 (2018): Medical Journal of Pokhara Academy of Health Sciences
Online Submission: Mar 10, 2019
Published: Mar 7, 2019
Abstract
Objectives: To evaluate the pregnancy outcomes in the
patients diagnosed with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.
Materials and Methods: A retrospective study conducted
on ninety-two patients, delivered in the First Affiliated Hospital
of Liaoning Medical University, China from February 2014 to
June 2015.
Results: The rate of Cesarean section was 36.95%,
polyhydramnios 27.17%, macrosomia 21.73% and preterm
delivery was14.13% respectively.
Conclusion: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus is recognized
to be associated with increased rate of adverse pregnancy
outcomes. This study demonstrated that the GDM has
higher risk for polyhydramnios and macrosomia.
Keywords:
Blood glucose, Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Pregnancy outcome